Lately it’s hard to find someone who is a legit data scientist and yet doesn’t talk about Stats as if it’s a new religion or something. Don’t get me wrong; I find Stats a very useful tool in data analytics, especially data science. However, there are other, usually most suitable options out there to have in one’s data science toolbox.

First of all, Statistics is the state-of-the-art approach to data modeling, if you live in the mid 20th century. In our time, Stats, particularly frequentist Stats, is greatly outdated and many of the assumptions it makes about the data don’t make any sense. Also, transforming the data so that it fits the assumptions many Stats models make, is a time-consuming process which may or may not be worth the trouble. Of course if you know nothing else, or have trust issues with novel modeling options, then Stats may be the best option for you. In this case, however, it is best to brand yourself as a Stats professional instead of a data scientist, since the latter implies that you do more than just Stats.

In addition, pretty much all of the metrics used in Stats can be improved heavily by negating the normality assumption. The more data I come across, the more certain I am that this assumption may make sense in some cases, but in the majority of cases it doesn’t hold. So, using metrics that have this assumption embedded in them doesn’t really help anyone. What’s more, all this framework inevitably shapes one’s mindset and so if you get used to the unreasonable assumptions Stats usually makes about the data, you may not be able to think of the data in a different way.

Moreover, with the advent of A.I., especially the A.I. that’s directly applicable to data science, the data transformation and modeling options available to data scientists have increased dramatically. So, relying on Stats is more of a preference rather than a necessity. Besides, it’s extremely unlikely that a Stats model will be able to outperform an A.I. one when the latter is well configured.

Finally, there are other new data analytics methods waiting to be discovered and used in data science. Heuristics have made a comeback and are more and more popular in data science research, especially when it comes to complex datasets. So, sticking to Stats when there is a plethora of possibilities out there that can tackle a problem more effectively is just depressing.

Having said all that, Stats is a useful subject to learn, as it can aid one’s learning of the data science craft. Much like learning basic Mechanics can be useful if you want to being a Physics professional, learning Stats can be quite useful. Sticking to it and thinking of it as gospel, however, is not. That’s why after learning about it, it’s best to seek to expand your understanding of data analytics through delving into other frameworks, such as Machine Learning, A.I. based systems, and heuristics. Stats is just one of the tools available in the data scientist's toolbox...

These days I did something I’d been putting off for a while now, as if it didn’t work out, it would mean that I’d have to throw away my computer, so to speak. I didn’t exactly meddle with any of the computer’s hardware but came as close to it as I could, without physically changing the machine. Namely, I tweaked the boot software and configured a new OS that I’m now using. “What’s wrong with the old OS?” you ask. Well, I’d tweaked it way too much in the past, so it was now quite unstable. Yet, even at this pitiful state, it was better than some other OSes I’ve had over the years, so it’s hard to complain about it.

Whatever the case, getting down to the nitty gritty of a computer isn’t easy and there is a surprising lack of people out there able or willing to help out. Also, the forums although generally useful, don’t always have the exact issue you are looking to solve, so you basically need to rely on your own skills. Fortunately, I did a thorough back-up of all my data beforehand, so nothing could get lost. Also, I was quite meticulous with the whole process and had a back-up plan in place. A lot of shell scripting was involved and although I'm not super confident about this type of interaction with a computer, it's not as daunting as it seems either. Of course, if you do it more, like professionals in the field, it may even seem the best way to interface with a computer. I'm not there yet though, but I have a deeper appreciation of the merits of this approach to interfacing than I did before.

This whole thing is akin to the engineering approach to things, where failure is always taken into account since things break more often than people think. Thinking that everything is going to be fine, just because it worked fine in someone’s presentation or tutorial is naive and doesn’t really spell out professionalism. That’s why having the right mindset about all this stuff is essential. Algorithms, equations, and coding libraries can only get you so far. After that, you are on your own and you need more than just a solid understanding of the theory but also the ability to deal with the adverse circumstances that will probably present themselves sooner rather than later.

Now, in you work as a data scientist or an A.I. professional you’ll probably have no need to do low level work on a computer (unless you are setting up a new pipeline), but if such a challenge presents itself, you are better off facing it. And who knows, maybe you’ll do more than just upgrade your computer through this whole process, since chances are that you’ll also be upgrading yourself.

So, what did I learn from this whole experience? First of all, I now have a deeper appreciation to all those people who do the low-level work in a data science pipeline. It may appear straight-forward from a high-level perspective, but when you get down to it, it isn't simple at all, even if you enjoy working on a CLI. Also, I learned that just because something isn't common enough to be on a forum or a blog article, it doesn't mean it's not important or worth doing. The OS upgrade I did helped realize how vast the spectrum of possibilities is when it comes to OSes and how deviating from the most popular approaches to it is probably the best way to go (or at least the most fox-like way!). Finally, I learned that when you've assembled something yourself, even if it's a fairly straight-forward OS, it makes you appreciate it more. Most things nowadays come preassembled and we don't have to do anything to get them to work, but those things that require our own energy to come to life, be it an OS or a custom data science model, these are the things we tend to remember the most since they change us inside...

About 2 years ago I created a video on the Julia language and how it applies to data science. Although I was still learning the ropes of video creation, I had a lot of useful things to say about the language since I had just published a book on it, a book that is still quite popular among the Julia learners as well as those getting into data science through programming. Now, after version 1.0 has come out, I decided to revisit this topic and provide an update about how Julia factors in the whole data science matter, as well as how it contributes to A.I. applications among other relevant topics. In this video, I explore all these points and without getting too technical, I showcase an updated view of how Julia is still a relevant tool when it comes to data science projects. Enjoy!

Note that you'll need a subscription in order to be able to view this video on the Safari platform. However, once you have paid for it (either for a month or a year), you'll have access to all the content published in there, including all my other videos and books. Cheers!

As you may have heard, article 13 of the European copyright legislation is seen as a major issue for content creators of all sorts, sharing their creations online. Specifically, it can basically block the viewing of various videos (and other creative content) in various EU countries (including the UK). This is because this articles for some reason sees the viewing of this content in certain countries a violation of the content creators’ rights and in an effort to protect creativity, it limits where this content is made available.

I’m not going to argue here about the futility of such a legislation or why such laws don’t make any sense in a world where content creators strive for increased exposure, while it’s extremely unlikely for someone to own all the elements of their videos. Also, personal branding is something the lawyers that drafted this legislation probably don’t quite understand, something reflected in how this law is formulated. Whatever the case, this law is focused on various social media platforms, such as YouTube and Instagram and does not affect SafariBooksOnline.

So, if you are like me and publish your content in respectable platforms where there is a quality control and no issue with European legislation, you are fine. I can’t say that I like this situation with some bizarre law prohibiting the viewing of videos in various countries, but I’m not going to lose sleep over it since this is but the tip of the iceberg of injustices these “free” video platforms offer. Besides, there are various platforms where someone can publish creative content, especially when it comes to educational topics, so opting for the easy way of YouTube is just not the most professional approach. After all, the focus on such a platform is on the quantity and on some ever-changing algorithm for promoting this content, something that doesn’t benefit the content creator to start with.

So, if you have some ideas for educational videos, Safari is a great place to publish them and doesn’t get any headaches from the European Parliament or any other authority that claims to understand how creative content works. As a bonus, you get to collect royalties from your videos, regardless of when they were published or if they are on some “hot” topic, while click-bait is not that common in the video titles. This respect towards the viewers of the videos is reciprocated through a handsome payment from their part, instead of having to put up with annoying ads and overcrowded web pages. So perhaps going with YouTube is not as glamorous as it may seem, with or without Article 13.

For all of you celebrating Thanksgiving, happy Thanksgiving! I don't need to tell you about the importance of being grateful about the good stuff we've good going on in our lives. However, I can do need to tell you is that I'm grateful for all of you visiting my blog and checking out the content I'm developing for Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber-security, and even Programming (to a lesser extent), in an effort to clarify certain matters and inspire you to learn things in a more in-depth and more enjoyable way. Also, grateful for being in this fascinating field and watching it evolve into something useful and self-sufficient. What are you grateful for?

Enjoy this great family holiday with your loved ones, and if you have some time, check out some of my videos / books!

So, after attending this truly eye-opening conference in Amsterdam last month, I felt obliged to share at least some of the stuff (most relevant to data science) I got from it with other people, through a reliable content sharing platform. So, I wrote an article about this topic on beBee and then created a video which is now available on Safari.

Note that this is a bit high-level as a video, with emphasis on managerial and senior-level data science practices, rather than hands-on aspects of the craft. However, every data scientist can benefit from this knowledge, especially when dealing with sensitive data. Also, Safari content requires a subscription in order to be accessible to its full length.

In an interview I recently watched, Elon Musk put forward the case of a utility (objective) function for a hypothetical advanced A.I. (basically an AGI) and how special attention must be given to such a task to avoid undesirable results. So, he suggested we use some utility function some person had recommended (probably an A.I. expert), namely that of maximizing “freedom of action for everyone,” something that’s quite reasonable and perhaps even profound if you think about it. However, if you think more about it, it becomes evident that it’s a terrible, terrible idea!

First of all, I mean no disrespect to Elon Musk. I think many of the things he’s created are great, even if some of his ideas are somewhat extreme. So even if he is not a role model of mine, I admire him as a tech entrepreneur and find that he has a lot to offer to the world through his businesses and his ideas for a better world. Except of course his idea for a utility function; that would be catastrophic, though I’m sure that in his mind it’s a brilliant solution to the utility function problem.

For starters, freedom is a very abstract concept even if it’s made more specific by the term “of action” to clarify it. How do you measure freedom of action? How would an A.I. understand this concept, especially if it never gets to experience it? Then, would maximum freedom be a good thing necessarily? Isn’t that a form of anarchy in a way? These are things that need to be addressed before asking an A.I. engineer to implement such a function for this hypothetical A.I. So, unless we figure this out, we cannot be sure that this A.I. will be benign, even if its creators have the best intentions in the world for it.

For example, an A.I. that makes use of this utility function may accelerate the depletion of natural resources of this planet (and any other planet it has access to), in order to ensure that everyone, even some random criminal on the streets or an inmate in a high security prison, has as much freedom of action as possible. Do you see where I’m going with this? Perhaps I’d better stop here before this whole post turns into some dystopian scenario or something.

The utility function problem is a difficult one and in all fairness Elon Musk is not someone knowledgeable enough in A.I. to be able to provide a bullet-proof solution to it. He may know a lot about the topic but I doubt he’s ever created an A.I. system from scratch. And unless you are close to the metal about these things, any ideas you have about how things should be regarding the high-level aspects of such complex systems is just an opinion on the matter, not a serious candidate for a solution to the problem at hand. The latter would be something that has legs and right now it seems that Mr. Musk’s suggestion is floating in the clouds just like many futurists when they talk about A.I. Perhaps that’s why many people don’t take Elon Musk’s warnings about A.I. very seriously, although I believe that’s one of the things he’s got right.

Despite the inevitable risks such an endeavor has, I’ll venture to make a suggestion of my own for a utility function, namely one that evolves over time. In other words, I propose a narrow A.I. whose sole purpose is to optimize the utility function of the AGI, perhaps in a Reinforcement Learning fashion, based on the feedback it receives from other people, while it starts with a utility function that’s as risk-free as possible (based on some simulations we run before we deploy it to the AGI). Some core heuristics may be in place to ensure a large enough diversity of signals that this A.I. will take into account, coordinating the various objectives / values that the AGI will have to uphold. Besides, it would be naive to assume that a human being, no matter how knowledgeable, can be in a position to come up with a utility function that can apply to some creature more intelligent than all the people in the world, forever.

If our own evolution has taught as anything is that there are no absolutes in nature and that we evolve to become better and adjust our values according to the circumstances we face and the challenges we wish to overcome. Why should an AGI be any different, considering that it’s created in our own image?

Although the debate between Frequentist and Bayesian statisticians sometimes takes a more comical turn (XKCD strip), it is still important for a data scientist to know a few things about Bayesian Stats. Of course, purists of the craft will argue that Frequentist Stats will suffice but if you want to stand out of the crowd, it would definitely help going beyond the beaten path, when it comes to data analytics know-how.

This video I made recently highlights the key elements of Bayesian Stats, focusing on the concepts that although fairly straight-forward, may be obscure to the newcomer. Also, without disregarding the invaluable contribution of Frequentist Stats to data science, this video explores how the two differ and how Bayesian Stats has a lot in common with other, more modern, data analytics frameworks. Check it out when you get the chance!

Note that a subscription to the Safari platform is necessary in order to view the video in its entirety.

Well, like most things of a certain level of sophistication, the answer is it depends. But before we delve into this matter, let’s start with defining what DS research is exactly. By this term, I refer to with the advancement of the field through the experimentation around new ideas, methods, techniques, and even the development and testing of new algorithms applicable to data science. Sounds like a lot but in practice there is a great deal of specialization so it’s not as overwhelming. For example, someone may do research in the data science technology focusing on distributed computing, while someone else focus on the design of a new supervised learning technique or a heuristic.

But don’t you need funding for all this? Well, in the traditional approach to research funding, usually in the form of grants sponsored by a government or some large organization, is something essential. After all, scientific research requires a great deal of resources and people who although passionate about the subject, may not work for free. Nevertheless, the expenses of research in data science are minimal, meaning that you don’t need a huge grant in order to get the ball rolling.

In essence, when you do DS research your key expenses are your time and the cloud computing rental. After all, Amazon and Microsoft need to make some money too when you are using their cloud services for your projects. Still, the prototyping is something you can do on your own computer so the cloud bill doesn’t have to be very high, unless you are working with a particularly large dataset, one that qualifies as big data.

I’m not saying that everyone can do data science research on his own. However, nowadays it’s easier than ever before to experiment without a lot of facilities or some sponsorship for a research project. People have been publishing papers on their own for years now and unless you want to do some large-scale research project, you can work with limited resources. And who knows, maybe this idea of yours can morph into a business product or service that can be a data science start-up. It doesn’t hurt to try!

A good tool for doing data science research is Julia, particularly through the Jupyter IDE. You can learn more about the language through the corresponding website, while my book on it can be a great resource for delving into it deeper. Note that the book was written for an earlier version of the language so the code may not be compatible with the latest version (v. 1.0) of Julia. Cheers!

Trinary Logic is not something new. It’s been around for decades, though it was more of a mathematical / high-level framework. I should know, as I did my Masters thesis on this subject and how it applies to GIS. I even wrote code implementing the corresponding model I came up with, though in today’s programming world it seems like legacy code... Anyway, bottom line is that Trinary Logic is useful and could have a place in modern Information Systems, including data analytics projects. The question is, could it be applicable to A.I. too?

The answer is, as usual, “it depends.” Trinary Logic on its own is quite limited and unless you are familiar with its 700+ gates, it may be like any novel idea: interesting but not exactly something worth delving into. After all, just like any system of reasoning, Trinary Logic is meaningless without an in-depth understanding of its key contribution to the thorny issue we always tackle through reasoning: handling uncertainty effectively.

Uncertainty, oftentimes modeled as noise or randomness (depending on who you ask), is everywhere. Since we cannot eliminate it without damaging the signal too, we find ways to cope with it. Trinary Logic offers an interesting way of doing that through the 3rd value of its variables, namely the “indifferent” state. Something can be True, False, or Indifferent, the latter being something in-between. These are the states of those intermediate values in the membership functions of fuzzy variables, in Fuzzy Logic. The latter is a well-known and quite established A.I. framework with lots of applications in data science. Do you see where I’m going with this?

So Trinary Logic is a framework for reasoning, much like Fuzzy Logic, but the latter is an A.I. framework too, so Trinary Logic is A.I. also, right? Well, no. Trinary Logic is a mathematical construct, so unless it is applied to A.I. programmatically, and as a well-defined process, it is yet another concept that can’t even fetch an academic publication! But if it were to manifest as a heuristic of sorts and add value to a process in the A.I. sphere, things would be different.

Enter the Trinary Curve, a heuristic (or meta-heuristic, depending on how you use it) that encapsulates Trinary Logic in a simple yet not simplistic way, turning an input signal into something that an A.I. agent can understand and work with. Namely, it can engineer a new variable in the [-1, 1] interval (notice the closed brackets in this case), that enables the corresponding module to have the in-between state of uncertainty more evident. As a result, the A.I. agent is allowed to be unsure about something and examine it more closely, given the right architecture, instead of working with what it has and hope for the best. Note that the Trinary Curve can be customized, while its output can be normalized to a different interval (always closed) if needed. The Trinary Curve is differentiatable throughout the space it is defined, while it’s easy to use programmatically (at least in Julia).

Perhaps the Trinary Curve is a novelty and an A.I. system can evolve adequately without it. However, it is something worth considering, instead of just experimenting with the countable parameters of existing A.I. systems solely. After all, Trinary Logic is compatible with existing A.I. frameworks so if it’s not utilized, it’s primarily because of some people’s unwillingness to think outside the box, and that’s something that doesn’t have any uncertainty about it...